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STORMS: 

The  various 
-phenomena  hy  which 
their  approach  can  be  ascer- 
tained with  certainty,  and  prac- 
tical directions  to  mariners 
for  the  avoidance  of 
their  fu/ry. 


COMPILED  FROM  VARIOUS  SOURCES 

BY 

CAPT.  JOHN  ROSS, 

"  OFTMB 

;  TTNIVERSITlf 
^^^^^ 

A.     ROMAN     k     COMPANY,  ^ 

BookselijErs,    Publishers    and    Importers,     <t^ 

417  and  419  Monfgomery  Street,  San  Francisco.  ij 

27    HOWARD   ST.,  NEW  YORK. 

1869. 


PAPER  AND  STATIONEEY 


JOHN  G.  HODGE  &  CO., 

Oor.   Haiisome  aii<i  Nacranxiento  st«., 

SAN     FRJLXCISCO. 

IMPORTING  AND  MANITFACTURING 

H  T  .^  T   I  O   ]V  E  R^  »  , 

Keep  Blank  Books,   Stationery,  School  Books,  Cheap  Publi- 
cations, LOG  BOOKS,  Shipping  Articles,  Rolls 
of  Sale  of  Vessels,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Best  Grracles  at  Lo^vest  ^Prices. 

G.  W.  BREWER.  •  M.  P.  McLAUGHLIN. 

Mclaughlin  &  BREWER, 

No.  328    MONTGOMERY  STREET, 

(Office     Xo.    9,) 

SAN    FRANCISCO. 


THE       IL,  .^  W 


OP 


s  T  o  R  m:  s 


THE  VAKIOUS  PHENOMENA  BY  WHICH  THEIK  APPROACH 
CAN  BE  ASCERTAINED   WITH   CERTAINTY,  AND 
PRACTICAL   DIRECTIONS   TO    MARIN- 
ERS   FOR    THE  AVOIDANCE 
OF    THEIR    FURY. 


OMPILED    FROM   VARIOUS    SOURCES 

BY 

CAPT.  JOHN  ROSS. 


A.    BOMAN    &    COMPANY, 
Booksellers,    Publishers    and    Importers, 

417  and  119  Montgomery  Street,  San  Francisco. 
27   HOWAED  ST.,  NEW  YOBK. 

1869. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  CongreBS,  in  the  year  1869, 

By  CAPT.  JOHN  KOSS, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for 
the  Northern  District  of  California. 


Printed  by  SPAULDING  &  BARTO, 

Mining  Aist)  Scientifio  Peess  Job  Opfice, 

4U  Clay  Street,  San  Francisco. 


ON    HUREICANES 


AND   THE 


LAW    OF    STORMS 


In  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  when  the  Polar  and 
Equatorial  currents  of  air  are  alternating  with  each 
other,  the  regular  shifting  of  the  wind  round  the  com- 
pass will  be  through  S.,  S.  W.,  W.,  N.  W.,  N.,  N.  E.,  E., 
S.  E.,  S. — and  the  changes  will  take  place  oftener  be- 
tween south  and  west,  and  between  north  and  east, 
than  between  west  and  north,  and  between  east  and 
south. 

Similarly  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  it  may  be 
inferred  that  when  Polar  currents  of  air  alternate  with 
Equatorial,  the  regular  shifting  of  the  wind  round  the 
compass  will  be  successive  through  S.,  S.  E.,  E.,  N.  E., 
N.,  N.  W.,  W.,  S.  W,,  S. 

This  is  Dove's  "Law  of  Gyration,"  (or  the  law 
of  the  rotation  of  winds).  And  collecting  the  main 
points  into  a  few  general  propositions,  it  may  be  laid 
down,  that  all  steady  winds  are  modified  by  the  rotation 
of  the  earth,  in  such  a  manner  that  Equatorial  currents 
of  air  receive  a  westerly  deflection,  and  Polar  currehts 
an  easterly  deflection ;  but  latitudinal  currents  suffer 
no  change.  The  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  Trade  Winds  are 
steady  Polar  currents.    The  Monsoons  are  alternations 


4  THE   LAW   OF  STORMS. 

of  a  Polar  and  an  Equatorial  current,  twice  during 
the  year.  Therefore  they  are  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere;  and  S.  E.  and  N.  W.  in  the 
bouthern  Hemisphere. 

The  S.  W.  passage  winds  of  the  Northern  Hemis- 
phere, and  the  N.  W.  passage  winds  of  the  Southern 
Hemisphere,  are  Equatorial  currents. 

Bodies  of  air  set  in  motion  from  a  state  of  rest, 
turn  the  wind-vane  in  the  direction  of  the  meridian 
as  follows : 

The  Polar  current  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  from 
N.  toE. 

The  Polar  current  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere  from 
S.  to  E. 

The  Equatorial  current  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere 
from  S.  to  W. 

The  Equatorial  current  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere 
from  N.  to  W. 

In  general  the  winds  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere 
are  as  follows: 

Those  from  N.  to  E.  the  Polar  currents. 

Those  from  E.  to  S.  the  transition  of  the  Polar  to 
the  Equatorial. 

Those  from  S.  to  W.  the  Equatorial  current. 

Those  from  W.  to  N.  the  transition  of  the  Equatorial 
to  the  Polar. 

Also,  in  the  Southern  hemisphere,  the  winds  are  as 
follows : 

TJiose  from  S.  to  E.  the  Polar  currents. 

Those  from  E.  to  N.  the  transition  of  the  Polar  to 
the  Equatorial. 

Those  from  N.  to  W.  the  Equatorial  current. 

Those  from  E.  to  S.  the  transition  of  the  Equatorial 
to  the  Polar. 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS.  5 

Thus,  a  complete  revolution  of  the  wind-vane  in  the 

3rthern  Hemisphere  is  therefore  S.  W.,  N.  E.,  S. 
^ith  the  sun,  and  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere  the  rota- 
tion is  S.  E.,  N.  W.,  S.,  with  the  sun,  also,  in  that  re- 
gion. 

When  the  course  of  a  steady  wind  is  obstructed  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  produce  a  Hurricane,  or  Cyclone, 
the  wind  has  a  rotary  or  whirling  motion  (as  it  were, 
on  an  axis),  while  the  storm  itself  has  a  progressive 
motion. 

N.  B. — The  rotation  of  the  wind  during  a  hurricane, 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  is  in  a  direction  contrary 
to  that  in  which  the  hands  of  a  watch  move.  In  the 
Southern  Hemisphere,  the  rotation  is  in  the  same 
direction  as  that  of  the  hands  of  a  watch.  And 
hence  the  following  shiftings  of  the  vane:  In  the 
Northern  Hemisphere,  when  the  vortex  (or  center)  of 
the  storm  passes  to  the  westward  of  the  place  of  obser- 
vation, the  rotation  is  S.  W.,  N.  E.,  S.,  with  the  sun ; 
when  the  vortex  passes  to  the  eastward  of  the  place  of 
observation,  the  rotation  is  S.  E.,  N.  W.,  S.,  against 
the  sun. 

In  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  if  the  vortex  passes  to 
the  westward  of  the  place  of  observation,  the  rotation 
is  S.  E.,  N.  W.,  S,,  with  the  sun. 

If  the  vortex  passes  to  the  eastward  of  the  place  of 
observation,  the  rotation  is  S.  W.,  N.  E.,  S.,  against  the 
sun. 

On  Hurricanes  or  Cyclones* 

Thus,  in  both  Hemispheres,  the  passage  of  an  equa- 
torial whirlwind  storm  on  the  west  side  of  the  place  of 


6  THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 

observation,  produces  normal  revolutions  in  accordance 
with  the  law  of  gyration  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  its 
passage  on  the  east  side  produces  anomalous  revolu- 
lutions  contrary  to  the  law  of  gyration.  When  the 
vortex  of  a  whirlwind  storm  passes  over  the  place  of 
observation,  the  vane  may  shift  from  one  direction  to 
that  immediately  opposite  to  it. 

Generally,  if  the  whirlwind  storm  is  an  equatorial 
one  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  it  progresses  from  S. 
E.  to  N.  W.  in  the  Torrid  Zone ;  it  recurves  at  the  outer 
edge  of  the  N.  E.  trade  wind,  and  thence  moves  from 
S.  W.  to  N.  E.  But  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere  an 
equatorial  storm  moves  first  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.;  re- 
curves at  the  outer  edge  of  the  S.  E.  trade  wind,  and 
then  advances  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E. — bearing  in  mind 
the  direction  of  the  rotation  of  the  wind  in  each  hemis- 
phere, viz:  against  watch  hands  in  the  Northern,  but 
with  watch  hands  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere.  Cer- 
tain portions  of  the  storms  are  characterized  by  certain 
hurricane  winds,  and  dividing  the  storm  by  diameters 
drawn  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  margin,  and 
again  from  the  eastern  to  the  western  margin,  we  find 
that  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  on  the  northern 
margin,  the  wind  will  be  easterly ;  on  the  eastern  mar- 
gin, southerly ;  on  the  southern  margin,  westerly ;  and 
on  the  western  margin,  northerly ; — each  portion  of  the 
cyclone  possessing  its  appropriate  wind. 

The  relations  of  the  winds  to  the  margin  in  the 
Southern  Hemisphere,  will  be  exactly  the  reverse  of 
their  relation  in  the  Northern.  Thus:  It  is  the  south- 
ern margin  of  the  storm  south  of  the  Equator,  that 
exhibits  an  easterly ;  the  western  margin  a  southerly ; 
the  northern  margin  a  westerly,  and  the  eastern  margin 


I 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS.  7 

a  northerly  wind.  Hence,  each  portion  of  the  hurri- 
cane having  its  appropriate  wind,  there  results,  accord- 
ing to  the  law  of  the  rotation  of  revolving  gales,  a 
verj  simple  rule  for  determining  the  bearing  of  the 
center  of  the  storm  from  the  ship,  viz:  Look  to  the 
wind's  eye  and  set  its  bearing  by  compass,  the  eighth 
point  to  the  right  thereof  when  in  the  Northern 
Hemisphere ;  but  to  the  left  of  the  wind's  direction 
when  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  will  be  the  bearing 
of  the  storm's  center.  Thus,  in  the  Northern  Hemis- 
phere, from  an  easterly  wind,  which  characterizes  the 
northern  margin  of  the  storm,  its  center  will  bear 
south  ;  from  a  northerly  wind  the  center  will  bear  east ; 
from  a  westerly  wind  it  will  bear  north,  and  from  a 
southerly  wind,  west.  But  in  the  Southern  Hemis- 
phere, from  an  easterly  wind,  the  center  of  the  storm 
bears  north  ;  from  a  southerly  wind  the  center  bears 
east ;  from  a  westerly  wind,  south ;  and  from  a  north- 
erly wind,  west. 

The  above  rule  is  perfectly  clear  and  definite ;  but  as 
it  is  especially  important  to  avoid  the  center  of  the 
storm, — its  most  dangerous  part, — the  following  table 
shows  at  a  glance  its  relative  bearing  in  each  Hemis- 
phere. 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 


IN  THE  NORTHERN  HEMISPHERE. 

IN  THE   SOUTHERN  HEMISPHERE. 

If  the  wind 

The  center    of  the 

If  the  wind 

The  center   of    the 

be- 

storm     will   bear 

be — 

storm    will    bear 

from  the  ship— 

from  the  ship— 

North. 

East. 

North. 

West. 

Nby  E 

Eby  S 

Nby  E 

WbyN 

NNE 

E  S  E 

NNE 

WN  W 

NEbyN 

S  E  by  E 

N  E  by  N 

NWby  W 

NE 

S  E 

NE 

N  W 

NEby  E 

SEby  S 

NEby  E 

N  W  by  N. 

ENE 

SSE 

ENE 

NN  W 

E  by  N 

Sby  E 

EbyN 

Nby  W 

East. 

South. 

East. 

North. 

Eby  S 

Sby  W 

Eby  S 

Nby  E 

E  SE 

SS  W 

E  SE 

NNE 

SEbyE 

S  Wby  S 

SEby  E 

NEby  N 

SE 

s  w 

SE 

NE 

S  E  by  S 

SWby  W 

S  Eby  S 

NEby  E 

SS  E 

WS  W 

SSE 

ENE 

Sby  E 

Wby  S 

Sby  E 

EbyN 

South. 

West. 

South. 

East. 

Sby  W 

WbyN 

Sby  W 

Eby  S 

SS  w 

WN  W 

s  s  w 

E  S  E 

S  Why  S 

N  Wby  W 

SWby  S 

S  Eby  E 

s  w 

N  W 

s  w 

SE 

S  W  by  W 

N  WbyN 

S  W  by  W 

SEby  S 

WS  W 

NN  W 

WS  W 

SSE 

Wby  S 

Nby  W 

Wby  S 

Sby-E 

West. 

North. 

West. 

South. 

WbyN 

Nby  E 

WbyN 

Sby  W 

WN  W 

NNE 

WN  W 

s  s  w 

N  W  by  W 

NE  by  N 

N  Wby  W 

S  Wby  S 

N  W 

NE 

N  W 

sw 

NWbyN 

NEby  E 

N  Wby  N 

S  Wby  W 

NN  W 

ENE 

NN  W 

WS  W 

Nby  W 

Eby  N 

Nby  W 

Wby  S 

THE   LAW   OF    STORMS.  9 

The  path  which  the  axis  of  rotation  describes  is  not 
inappropriately  termed  the  "Axis  Line."  On  the 
"  Axis  Line "  there  is  no  change  of  wind  until  the . 
center  has  passed,  when,  after  a  brief  interval  of  calm, 
the  wind  springs  up  with  great  fury  from  the  opposite 
quarter. 

It  has  been  remarked  by  Piddington,  "  that  he  who 
watches  his  barometer,  watches  his  ship."  This  inval- 
uable instrument,  if  well  understood,  invariably  an- 
nounces the  approach  of  a  revolving  storm ;  shows 
whether  the  vessel  is  plunging  into  the  vortex,  or  if 
she  be  receding  from  it ;  and  hence,  by  carefully  notic- 
ing its  indications,  the  disastrous  consequences  of  a 
hurricane  may,  to  a  great  extent,  be  avoided, — for  the 
laws  of  its  oscillations  are  very  distinctly  marked.  The 
barometer  often  stands  unusually  high  before  the  com- 
mencement of  a  cyclone,  and  frequently  (if  not  always) 
just  around  the  storm.  And  conceiving  the  cyclone  to 
be  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  diameter  at  right  angles 
to  its  path,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  barometer  always 
falls  during  the  passage  of  the  advancing  semi-circle  of 
a  revolving  storm.  The  barometer  always  rises  during 
the  passage  of  the  receding  semi-circle  of  a  revolving 
storm.  In  cases  of  manoeuvering  to  take  advantage  of 
the  hurricane  winds,  and  to  keep  just  within  the  verge 
of  the  storm,  the  barometer  is  of  signal  benefit, — it 
should  be  kept  as  high  as  possible,  without  losing  the 
wind.  In  whatever  position  the  ship  may  be,  the  rising 
of  the  mercury  announces  that  the  first  (or  dangerous) 
half  of  the  storm  has  passed. 

The  barometer  is  a  faithful  guide  in  the  zone  of  the 
Trade  Winds.     Its  ordinary  variations  are  so  small  that 
any  deviation  from  its  normal  height  requires  attention. 
1* 


10  THE    LAW   OF   STORMS. 

Its  fluctuations  are  larger  beyond  the  Tropics  ;  but  the 
indications  are  scarcely  less  certain  if  used  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  thermometer  and  hygrometer, — hence, 
more  watchfulness  is  required  on  the  part  of  the  navi- 
gator ;  and  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  have  such 
a  knowledge  of  the  Law  of  Storms,  of  storm  instru- 
ments, and  of  the  signs  of  the  weather,  as  to  be  able 
to  detect  the  presence  of  a  hurricane  or  cyclone,  when 
as  yet  sky  and  sea  betoken  but  little  of  that  blind  fury, 
during  the  height  of  which  it  is  so  difficult  to  guide  the 
vessel  in  safety.  One  great  advantage  of  such  knowl- 
edge is  a  quick  apprehension  of  the  indications  which 
forewarn,  to  make  all  snug  in  time. 

The  meteorological  signs  indicating  the  approach  of  a 
hurricane  or  cyclone,  have  been  collected  from  various 
sources  by  Mr.  Birt,  and  are  enumerated  and  classed 
according  as  the  phenomena  may  be  presented  to  the 
external  sensations  of  feeling,  sight,  or  hearing. 

METEOROLOGICAL    SIGNS    RECOGNIZED    BY   THE 
FEELINGS. 

1.  A  sultry,  oppressive  state  of  the  atmosphere. 

2.  A  calm. 

METEOROLOGICAL    SIGNS    RECOGNIZED     BY   THE   EYE. 

1.  A  remarkably  clear  state  of  the  atmosphere,  so 
that  the  stars  may  be  seen  to  rise  and  set  with  nearly 
the  same  distinctness  as  the  sun  and  moon. 

2.  A  peculiar  white  appearance  in  the  zenith,  more 
or  less  of  a  circular  form. 

3.  A   remarkably  red  or  fiery  appearance  of  the 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS.  11 

sky.  This  is  not  unfrequently  of  such  intensity  as  to 
tinge  all  the  surrounding  objects  with  a  deep  crimson ; 
and  when  this  is  seen  there  can  be  no  question  that  the 
violent  portion  of  the  cyclone  is  not  far  from  the  vessel. 
When  this  red  light  is  seen  at  night,  the  impression  on 
the  seaman's  mind  is  that  day  has  broken  before  its 
time. 

4.  A  peculiar  coloring  of  the  clouds,  more  espe- 
cially of  an  olive  green.  This  is  generally  the  pre- 
cursor of  a  most  violent  and  terrific  hurricane. 

5.  A  thick,  hazy  appearance  in  that  quarter  of  the 
horizon  in  which  the  cyclone  is  raging. 

6.  A  remarkable  and  peculiar  appearance  of  the 
heavenly  bodies.  When  shining  through  a  haze  they  are 
said  to  shine  with  a  pale,  sickly  light,  and  are  not  un- 
frequently surrounded  by  rings  of  light,  or  halos.  Some 
observers  describe  the  stars  "  as  looking  big,  with  burs 
about  them" ;  others  speak  of  their  "  dancing,''  and 
generally  they  have  been  noticed  as  being  remarkably 
bright  and  twinkling. 

7.  The  sun,  on  some  occasions,  has  exhibited  a  blue 
appearance,  and  white  objects  have  been  seen  of  a  de- 
cided light  blue  color.  The  sun  has  also  been  observed 
of  a  pale  and  somewhat  similar  appearance  to  that  of 
the  full  moon. 

8.  A  dense,  heavy  bank  of  cloud  in  the  direction 
of  the  hurricane. 

9.  A  peculiar  appalling  appearance  in  this  bank, 
more  particularly  as  if  it  were  a  solid  wall,  drawing 
down  upon  and  closing  around  the  ship. 

10.  A  darting  forward  of  portions  of  this  bank,  as  if 
torn  into  rags  and  shreds  by  some  violent  force,  and  driv- 
en before,  not  borne,  by  the  wind.    When  this  indication 


12  THE   LAW   OP   STORMS. 

is  distinctly  recognized,  a  run  of  about  two  hours  toward 
the  center  will  involve  the  vessel  in  a  destructive  hur- 
ricane. 

11.  A  peculiar  motion  exhibited  by  small  bodies,  as 
branches  of  trees  when  agitated  by  the  wind,  consisting 
of  an  apparent  whirling,  not  a  bending  forward,  as  if 
bent  by  a  stream  of  air. 

12.  Lightning  of  a  remarkable  columnar  character, 
shooting  up  in  stalks  from  the  horizon  with  a  dull  glare  ; 
also  like  flashes  from  a  gun,  and  sparks  from  a  flint  and 
steel. 

METEOROLOGICAL    SIGNS   RECOGNIZED    BY     THE    EAR. 

1.  A  distant  roar  (probably  of  the  hurricane  itself) 
as  of  wind  rushing  through  a  hollow  vault. 

2.  A  peculiar  moaning  of  the  wind,  indicative  of 
the  close  proximity  of  the  violent  portion  of  the  hurri- 
cane. 

the  meteorological  phenomena  accompanying 
a  revolving  storm  may  also  be  enumerated 
thus: 

1.  A  very  rapid  motion  of  the  air  constituting  the 
hurricane,  and  increasing  in  velocity  as  the  center  is 
approached. 

2.  A  fitful  variation  of  intensity  in  the  force  of  the 
wind,  which  sometimes  blows  with  fearful  violence,  car- 
rying away  everything  that  opposes  its  progress;  then 
sinking  to  a  gentle  breeze,  or  even  lulling  to  a  calm, 
but  almost  immediately  afterwards  springing  up  with 
greater  violence  than  before.     The  hurricane  winds  are 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS.  13 

nearly  if  not  entirely,  without  exception,  puffy,  violent, 
and  blowing  in  gusts. 

3.  An  immense  condensation  of  aqueous  vapor, 
forming  large  banks  of  cloud,  which  precipitate  torrents 
of  rain.  The  condensation  appears  to  be  so  exceed- 
ingly rapid  that  large  quantities  of  electricity  are  gen- 
erally developed,  giving  rise  to  incessant  flashes  of 
lightning. 

4.  A  general  darkness  and  gloominess  within  the 
area  of  the  cyclone,  relieved  only  by  the  fitful  glare  of 
the  lightning,  or  the  appearance  of  the  imperfect  circle 
of  light  near  the  center  or  axis  of  the  storm. 

5.  A  separation  of  the  clouds  in  or  near  the  center 
of  the  hurricane,  so  as  to  produce  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  axis  a  clear  sky,  through  which 
the  sun  and  stars  are  often  seen  with  great  brilliancy. 

6.  A  calm  in  the  center  of  the  cyclone. 

INDICATIONS  OF  APPROACHING  OR  EXISTING  HURRI- 
CANES, MANIFESTED  BY  THE  OCEAN,  OF  ESPECIAL 
UTILITY  TO  VESSELS  AT  ANCHOR  IN  ROADSTEADS. 

1.  A  swell,  produced  by  the  storm-wave,  rolling  in 
upon  the  shore,  at  first  of  a  gentle  character.  The 
direction  of  this  swell  will  pretty  surely  indicate  the 
bearing  of  the  storm,  and  its  changes  will  point  out  in 
some  localities  the  course  the  hurricane  may  be  pursu- 
ing. 

2.  A  swell  rolling  in,  without  changing  its  direction, 
may  be  regarded  as  indicative  of  a  hurricane  approach- 
ing the  shore.  The  same  phenomenon  met  with  at 
sea  (the  ship's  course  being  taken  into  accouAt)  will 
indicate  the  bearing  down  of  the  cyclone  on  the  vessel. 


14         ^  THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 

3.  A  dirty  green  appearance  of  the  ocean  ;  on  some 
occasions  its  assuming  a  muddy  or  brown  color,  on  others 
its  being  remarkably  clear,  its  temperature  increas- 
ing, and  its  swellings  stronger  than  at  other  times,^— 
are  all  indications  of  the  proximity  of  a  cyclone. 

The  area  over  which  these  rotary  storms  have  been 
known  to  expand,  varies  from  30  to  40  to  1,000  miles; 
but  while  the  diameter,  so  long  as  the  storm  is  within 
the  tropics,  expands  but  very  gradually,  it  suddenly  in- 
creases in  a  remarkable  manner  after  recurving.  The 
rate  at  which  they  travel  on  their  onward  course  also 
varies  greatly,  not  only  in  different  parts  of  the  globe, 
but  even  in  the  same  locality,  and  at  the  same  season. 
Generally,  however,  the  rapidity  with  which  the  vortex 
of  the  hurricane  progresses  is  greater  as  the  storm  re- 
curves on  reaching  the  outer  edge  of  the  trade  winds. 
Thus,  the  hurricane  of  August,  1853,  traversed  6,276 
English  miles  in  about  twelve  days,  with  a  mean  pro- 
gressive velocity  of  twenty-six  miles  per  hour  ;  but  after 
it  arrived  at  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland  this  velocity 
was  increased  to  about  fifty  miles  per  hour. 

Within  the  area  of  the  cyclone  the  moving  body  of 
air  frequently  attains  a  rotatory  velocity  of  from  seventy 
to  one  hundred  miles  an  hour. 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 


15 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  DIFFERENT  MONTHS  OF  THE 
YEAR  IN  WHICH  HURRICANES  AND  CYCLONES 
HAVE    BEEN   RECORDED    IN  VARIOUS  REGIONS. 


liOCAIilTi!. 

r 

5 
9 

1 

7 
15 

> 
11 

15 
3 

1 

6 

8 

6 
5 
1 

Hi 

• 

5 
4 

16 

9 
2 
2 

d  d 

9 
96 

2 

5 
5 

80 
1 

1 

8 

18 

O 

69 
1 

12 
12 
14 

17 
4 

7 

9 

12 

Q 

No.  Atlantic  and  W.  I. . 

South'n  Indian  Ocean  & 

Mauritius 

10 

4 

2 

2 

42 

1 

4 
12 

7 

Nortli'n   Indian   Ocean; 
Bay  of  Bengal — 
N.  E.  Monsoon 

S.  TV  Monsoon 

6 

Arabian  Sea  &  Bomb'y — 
N.  E.  Monsoon 

S.  W.  Monsoon 

1 

1 

1 

5 

China  Sea  and   No.  Pa- 
cific— (western  part). . 

Java  Sea  and  Northwest 
Coast  of  Australia. .    . 

3 

1 

5 

1 

1 
2 

From  this  table  it  appears  that  the  hurricane  seasons 
in  the  several  localities  are  as  follows: 

1.  In  the  North  Atlantic,  from  June  to  November, 
the  greater  number  occurring  in  July,  August,  Septem- 
ber, and  October. 

2.  In  the  Bay  of  Bengal  they  are  most  prevalent 
in  October,  November  and  December,  when  the  N.  E. 
Monsoon  is  strongest ;  they  occur  also  during  the  S.  W. 
Monsoon,  especially  in  April,  May  or  June. 

3.  In  the  Arabian  Sea  they  have  been  experienced 
durin«j  both  Monsoons. 


16  THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 

4.  In  the  China  Sea  they  are  prevalent  on  the 
coast  between  June  and  October ;  but  in  the  central 
part  of  that  sea  during  September,  October  and  No- 
vember. 

5.  In  the  Southern  Indian  Ocean  they  may  be  ex- 
pected between  November  and  April,  but  they  are  most 
prevalent  during  January,  February  and  March. 

6.  In  the  Java  Sea,  and  on  the  N.  W.  Coast  of 
Australia  they  have  been  recorded  during  December, 
January  and  February. 


RULES   FOR  TRIMMING   THE    SHIP   IN   A  HURRICANE. 

Piddington  long  ago  said :  "  That  all  positive  rules 
tend  to  mislead."  Every  ship  must  have  its  own  pecu- 
liar management  depending  on  the  four  great  elements 
of  the  problem,  which  are — 

1.  The  ship  and  her  sea  room. 

2.  The  track  of  the  cyclone. 

3.  Its  rate  of  traveling. 

4.  The  ship's  run  and  drift. 

While,  on  the  part  of  the  commander,  caution  and 
watchfulness  are  essentially  requisite,  still  all  the  cir- 
cumstances being  favorable,  rules  may  be  given  in  a 
very  brief  compass  for  trimming  a  vessel  to  the  hurri- 
cane winds.  These  are  embodied  in  the  following 
tables.  Where  the  directions  of  the  wind  vane,  as  set 
set  down  in  the  first  column  are  tangents  to  the  whirl- 
wind in  its  course,  these  indicate  the  quarter  from 
wdiich  the  storm  sets  in.  The  points  of  the  compass  in 
the  second  column  show  the  position  of  the  storm's  cen- 


THE   LAW   OP   STORMS. 


17 


ter  as  regards  the  vessel.  The  fourth  column  gives  the 
direction  in  which  to  steer  when  the  wind  shifts  as  in- 
dicated in  the  third  column  ;  but  if  it  shifts  as  indicated 
in  the  fifth  column,  then  bear  away  as  told  in  the  sixth 
column. 

I. — FOR    THE   NORTHERN    HEMISPHERE. 


^    o 

K 

f> 

E? 

td 

ag.g- 

t^ 

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1 

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North. 

East. 

NtoW 

South. 

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hj 

NbyE 

EbyS 

N  by  E  to  N 

Sby  W 

N  by  E  to  E 

a 

NNE 

ESE 

NNE  to  N 

SSW 

NNE  to  E 

B- 

NEbyN 

SEby  E 

NE  bv  N  to  N 

SW  by  S 

NE  by  N  to  E 

CD 

NE 

S  E 

NEt6  N 

SW 

NEtoE 

1 

NEbyE 

SEbyS 

NE  by  E  to  N 

SWbyW 

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SSE 

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WSW 

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g 

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East. 

South. 

EtoN 

West. 

EtoS 

CD 

Eby  S 

Sby  W 

E  by  S  to  E 

Why  N 

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SSW 

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^ 

SE 

S  W 

SEtoE 

NW 

SEto  S 

§ 

SE  by  S 

SWbyW 

SE  by  S  to  E 

NW  by  N 

SE  by  S  to  S 

a 

SSE 

WSW 

SSE  to  E 

NNW 

SSE  to  S 

H 

SbyE 

Why  S 

S  by  E  to  E 

Nby  W 

S  by  E  to  S 

£0 

South. 

West. 

StoE 

North. 

Sto  W 

^T* 

Sby  W 

WbyN 

S  by  W  to  S 

NbyE 

S  by  W  to  W 

ss  w 

WNW 

SSW  to  S 

NNE 

SSW  to  W 

S  W  by  S 

NWbyW 

SW  by  S  to  S 

NEby  N 

SWbyStoW 

SW 

NW 

SWtoS 

NE 

1 

SW  to  W 

18  THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 

II — FOR   THE    SOUTHERN   HEMISPHERE. 


o  g  O 
.    ro  o 


South. 

SbyE 

SSE 

SEby  S 

SE 

SE  byE 

ESE 

Eby  S 

East. 

EbyN 

ENE 

NEbyE 

NE 

NEbyN 

NNE 

NbyE 

North. 

Nby  W 

NNW 

NWbyNj 

NW 


3-S 


East. 

EbyN 

ENE 

NEbyE 

NE 

N  E  by  N 

NNE 

NbyE 

North. 

Nby  W 

NNW 

NWbyN 

NW 

NW^byW 

WNW 

WbyN 

West. 

Wby  S 

WS  W 

SW  by  W 

SW 


Sto  W 

S  by  E  to  S 

SSE  to  S 

SE  by  S  to  S 

SEto  S 

SE  by  E  to  S 

ESE  to  S 

E  by  S  to  S 

E  to  S 

E  by  N  to  E 

ENE  to  E 

NE  by  E  to  E 

NEtoE 

NE  by  N  to  E 

NNE  to  E 

N  by  E  to  E 

NtoE 

N  by  W  to  N 

NNW  to  N 

NWbyNtoN 

NW  toN 


1 

7i 

:  ^ 

■I 

North. 

StoE 

hi 

Nby  W 

S  by  E  to  E 

^ 

NN^V 

SSE  to  E 

F^ 

NW  by  N  SE  by  S  to  E 

(D 

NW 

SEtoE 

h- 

NWbyWSE  by  E  to  E 

»5* 

WNW 

ESE  to  E 

O 

WbyN 

E  by  S  to  E 

!=i 

West. 

EtoN 

F? 

Wby  S 

E  by  N  to  N 

CD 

WSW 

ENE  to  N 

^ 

SW  by  W  NE  by  E  to  N 

^ 

SW 

NEtoN 

H 

p 

SW  by  S 

NE  by  N  to  N 

ssw 

NNE  to  N 

i^ 

SbyW 

N  by  E  to  N 

South. 

NtoW 

SbyE 

N  by  W  to  W 

SSE 

NNW  to  W 

SEby  S 

NWbyNtoW 

SE 

NWtoW 

ADMIRAL    FITZROY's    INSTRUCTIONS  ON    THE  USE    OF 
THE   BAROMETER    IN   NORTH  LATITUDE. 


The  Barometer  Rises: 
For  northerly  wind  (including  from  N.  W.  by  the 
north  to  the  eastward),  for  dry,  or  less  wet  weather,  for 
less  wind,  or  for  more  than  one  of  these  changes — ex- 
cept on  a  few  occasions  when  rain  (or  snow}  comes 
from  the  northward,  with  strong  wind. 


THE   LAW   OF   STORMS. 


19 


A  Thermometer  Falls: 

For  change  of  wind  towards  any  of  the  above  direc- 
tions. 

The  Barometer  Falls: 

For  southerly  wind  (including  from  S.  E.  by  the 
south  to  the  westward)  for  wet  weather,  for  stronger 
wind,  or  for  more  than  one  of  these  changes — except 
on  a  few  occasions  when  moderate  wind  with  rain  (or 
snow)  comes  from  the  northward. 

A  Thermometer  Rises: 

For  change  of  wind  towards  the  upper  directions 
only.  Moisture  or  dampness  in  the  air  (shown  by  a 
hygrometer)  increases  before  or  with  rain,  fog  or  dew. 


On  Barometer  Scales  tlie  followiii_ 
contractions  may  be  useful  in 
North  Latitudes. 


KiSE   FOR 

NEby 

N  W-N-E 

Dry   or  less 

wind — except 

wet  from  N  E 


Fall  for 
S  W  by 

S  E-S-W 
Wet  or    more 
wind — except 
wet  from  N  E 


And  the  following  Summary  may 
be  useful  generally  throughout 
the  world. 


ElSE  FOR 
Cold,  dry  or 
less  wind — ex- 
cept wet  from 

cold  side. 


Fall  for 

Warm,  wet  or 

more    wind  — 

except  wet 
from  cold  side. 


In  south  latitudes  substitute  south  or  southward  for 
north,  northward,  etc. 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 


THOMAS  TENNENT, 


mmiui  Emmm  maker, 

BATTERY  STREET,  OPPOSITE  THE   CUSTOM  HOUSE, 

SAN    FRANCISCO. 


est^a^bijIsheid  iisr  isso. 


DEPOT    OFOK 

U.  S.  (xovernment  Chronometers. 

XT.    S.    A.Gi:]VCY    FOR 

GoverMeiit  Ckrts  of  Pacific  Coast  aal  Mors. 


CHBONOMETEKS  carefuUy  rated  by 

TRANSIT    OBSERVATIONS. 

Repairs  or  Cleaning  of  Cheonometees,  Watches  or  Nauti- 
cal Insteuments  executed  in  the  best  manner,  under  his  per- 
sonal supervision,  and  perfect  satisfaction  guaranteed. 

A  full  supply  constantly  kept  of  CHARTS  of  all  parts  of 
the  world,  NAUTICAL  BOOKS,  NAUTICAL  INSTRU- 
MENTS, etc.,  etc. 

No    JEttunners     Employed. 

8^^ Orders  left  at  the  store  promptly  attended  to. 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 


JAMES  CURTIS  &  CO., 

WHOLPJSAIiE   AND   BETAIL 


'9 

Corner  Stewart  and  Market  Streets, 

SAX    FRJLNCISCO. 


Particular  attention  paid  to  replenishing  SHIPS'  MEDI- 
CINE CHESTS  with  PURE  MEDICINE.  A  good  assort- 
ment of  Medicine  Chests  always  on  hand  and  for  sale  at 
reasonable  prices.     Also, 

I^XJRE    WIISTEJ^    A1VI>    LIQUORS^, 

Of  our  own  importation,  for  sale  in  large  or  small  quantities. 

JAMES  CUETIS  &  CO. 


OF  H^rsr  FXi^rsioi^co. 


Obganized Apkil  8,  1863. 


CAPiTAii,  Paid  up $500,000. 

0flace--406   California   Street,   San  Francisco. 


NO    FIRi:     RISKS 

Disconnected  with  Marine  Insured  by  this  Company. 

LOSSES  PAID  PROMPTLY   IN  U,  S.  GOLD  COIN, 

Board  of  Dieectoes. — C.  L.  Taylor,  F.  Eoeding,  Isaac  E. 
Davis,  J.  B.  Scotchler,  A.  M.  Simson,  James  Irvine,  Jabez 
Howes,  A.  L.  Tubbs,  C.  Adolphe  Low,  W.  J.  Adams,  R.  E. 
Eaimond,  James  P.  Flint,  H.  B.  Williams. 

J.  B.  SCOTCHLER,  President, 
JABEZ  HOWES,  Vice-President. 
E.  W.  BouENE,  Secretary, 

This  Company  is  Engaged  Exclusively  in  Marine  Insurance. 


ADVERTISING  SUPPLEMENT. 


FIRE    J^l^lD     IsOlJi^TlXlsriEl. 


ALL   LOSSES  PAID  IN  UNITED  STATES  GOLD  COIN. 


THE 


(JLIFORNIl  INSBMIB  tOMPlNY, 

Office,  318  California  Street, 

Three  doors  east  from  Sansome San  Francisco, 


Capital  paid  up,     ...     $300,000. 
Asisets,      ......     $309,000. 

C.  T.  HOPKINS,  Pres.     H.  B.  TICHENOR,  Vice-Pres. 
Z.  CROWELL,  Secretary. 

BLAKISTON  &  BERWICK, 

Sail  IVIakers, 

No.    O    Olay    js^treet,    near   X^last, 

SAN  FKANCISCO. 


Sails^    Tents,    A.A;v^niiigs,    etc., 

Made  to  order. 

SAILS  REPAIRED,  BOUQHT  AND  SOLD. 

Materials  furnished  at  the   Lowest  Market  Prices.     Work 

done  with  dispatch — neatly,  substantially,  and  on 

the  most  reasonable  terms. 

Orders  Respectfully  Solicited  and  Promptly  Attended  to. 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 


W.  S.  FHELFS  &  CO. 

©liip    ©ixiiths^ 

13  and  15  Drumm  street, 

(Bet.  Sacramento  and  California) 
S  .A.  OST       F  I^ -A.  3Sr  O  I  S  O  O  . 


ALL  KINDS  OF 

Ship  and  Steamboat  Blacksmitliing 

Executed  at  the  shortest  notice, 
^ud  on.  the  most  K-easoiial>le  Tei^ms. 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

PHELPS  BROTHERS,  Propr's, 

Manufacturers  of  all  kinds  of 

MACHINE  BOLTS,  BRIDGE  BOLTS, 
SHIP  OR  BAND   BOLTS, 

Sets  of  Car  Bolts,    Set  Screws  or  Tap  Bolts,  Lag  Screws, 

"Wrought  or  Cold  Punched  Nuts,  Turn  buckles, 

Bolt  Ends,  Etc.,  Etc. 

13  and  1^  DRUMIfl  STRDDT, 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 


J.  OHADBOURNE'S 

AND  CRACKER  BAKERY, 

Manufactory,  Oregon  street,  between  Front  and  Davis, 
Office,    <t41    JA.CIt^OlV    J^T]RESET, 

ALL  OEDEES  FOE 

Pilot  and  Nayy  Bread  and  Crackers, 

Of  every  description  promptly  attended  to. 

BAKLKR*^  EXTK  Jl  «fe  SUPERFINE  FI^OTTK  FOIt  SAT^E. 

THE  PACIFIC 

PUMP  MANUFACTURKfG  COMPANY 

No.  213  California  street,  San  Francisco. 


THG   IMERICIN  SUBMERGED 


Boston,  January  17,  1868. 
Gents — I  have  with  great  interest  examined  your  American 
Submerged  Ship  Pump  in  full  operation.  I  consider  it  the 
best  Pump  I  have  ever  seen,  as  to  the  steady  and  large  vol- 
ume of  water  delivered,  its  simplicity,  and  great  labor  saved, 
which  is  the  desideratum  on  ship  board.  No  clapper  getting 
off.  No  packing.  No  drawing  of  boxes  to  clear  the  clapper, 
and  placed  below  freezing  point.  As  to  force  and  head 
pumps  on  board  ship,  it  cannot  be  equalled.  It  is  the  pump. 
My  opinion  is  based  upon  over  half  a  century's  experience  on 
shipboard.  JOHN  DEVEEEUX, 

Surveyor  American  Lloyds. 
*2 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 

THE  CALIFORNIA 

Dry  Dock  Company, 

San  Francisco,  Oalifbrnia,  XJ.  J^. 


ISTotlce  to  {^liii>  OTTners,  A.g:©iats,  Consign- 
ees,   ancl    IMasters 

THE    COMPANY'S   DRY  DOCKS, 

Situate  at  HUNTER'S  POINT,  San  Francisco,  are  now  com- 
pleted and  in  successful  operation,  and  afford  every  facility 
for  the  Docking  and  Eepair  of  all  classes  of  STEAM  and 
SAILING  VESSELS. 

THE   GRAVING  DOCK, 

Excavated  in  the  solid  rock,  and  finished  in  the  most  sub- 
stantial manner,  is  of  the  following  dimensions  :  Extreme 
length,  450  feet  ,  length  on  blocks,  416  feet  ;  width  at  the 
top,  120  feet  ;  depth,  30  feet ;  width  at  entrance,  90  feet.  At 
mean  high  tide  will  take  in  a  ship  drawing  22  feet  without 
lightening. 

This  Dock  is  fitted  with  a  Caisson  Gate,  and  is  supplied 
with  two  powerful  Centrifugal  Steam  Pumps,  capable  of 
pumping  out  the  dock  in  two  hours. 

THE  FLOATING  DRY   DOCK, 

Will  receive  vessels  of  1500  tons  measurement  and  under. 
The  Dock  is  82  feet  in  width,  and  210  feet  in  length  ;  is  built 
of  the  soundest  Oregon  Pine,  thoroughly  braced  and  bolted, 
and  is  furnished  with  all  the  requisites  for  Docking  a  Ship 
successfully.     Vessels  taken  up  at  all  stages  of  the  tide. 

The  Comi3any  feel  warranted  in  stating  that "  Repairs  on 
Vessels  can  be  made  as  advantageously  in  San  Francisco  in 
respect  to  cost  of  materials  and  labor  as  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world. 

For  particulars,  address 

JAMES  POL.I.OCK,  Supt., 

San  Francisco,  California,  U.  S. 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 


JUSD  &  tirHEiLAN, 

SHIPWRIGHTS,    CAULKERS, 

— AND — 

Spar    Makers. 

*♦♦ 

ItEF-JEI^    TO 

Shedd  &  Fan*an  ;  Major  James  T.  Hoyt.  Quartermaster's 
Department;  Lester  &  Co.,  Shipping  Office  ;  Simmons, 
Rowe  &  Co. 

Y^ardL—on  "Vallejo    street. 

Between  Front  and  Davis,  San  Feancisco. 

C.  MOSS.  D.  BEADLE. 

ooMMieeioM  MEnoHANTet 

3Se   ID.A.'VIS   ST]REET, 

Corner  of  Washington,  San  Feancisco. 

JACKSON'S 

Pacific  St.,  l>et.  IFront  and  Davis, 

s-A.3sr  m.-A.nsroisco. 


ADVERTISING   SUPPLEMENT. 


No  Cure.        TO  THE  PUBLIC.         No  Pay. 

Medical  and  Surgical  institute,  Established  in  1850,  by 
ID  IR.      J-,      C-     "^X"  O  XJ  IsT  C3-3 

(Formerly  Professor  of  the  University,  Penn.) 

No.  618  Sacramento  st,  bet.  Montgomery  and  Kearny, 

SAX  FKAJX  CISCO,  CA^Tu, 

Consultation  by  letter  or  otherwise,  free.  Tlie  Doctor  can 
be  consulted  privately,  and  with  the  utmost  confidence,  by 
the  afflicted,  at  all  hours,  daily,  from  9  a.m.  until  8  p.m. 

2^^  Cures  always  guaranteed,  or  no  pay  required. 
iSeirLlna/l    "Wealcness. 

I  am  aware  that  by  dwelling^upon  so  uninviting  a  subject 
as  the  decay  of  manly  vigor  'through  the  loss  of  the  vital 
principle  of  life,  the  ignorant  may  asperse  my  motive  ;  but 
the  desire  to  point  out  to  those  who  suffer,  languish  and  de- 
cay, the  true  cause  of  their  afflictions  is  too  great  an  incentive 
to  be  forced  into  abeyance.  How  extended  the  terrible  disease 
of  Seminal  Weakness  is,  no  one  but  the  practical  specialist, 
who  devotes  his  time  to  its  treatment  can  tell  ;  but  its  pres- 
ence can  be  detected  by  the  most  inexperienced  by  noting 
the  following  symptoms  :  Weakness  of  the  hack  and  limbs ;  lan- 
guishing feelings  ;  loss  of  muscular  power ;  nervousness ;  irritability ; 
cold  feet  and  hands,  accompanied  by  hot  head ;  symptoms  of  con- 
sumption ;  short  breath  ;  flushings  of  the  face ;  aversion  in  society ; 
confusion  of  the  mind ;  loss  of  memory;  nightly  emissions ;  colorless^ 
slight  discharges'upon  the  least  excitement ;  palpitation  of  the  heart ; 
irregular  appetite;  variable  temper,  etc.,  etc. 

To  the    J^filicted 
there  is  hope  and  certainty  of  relief  and  cure.     Thousands 
are  annually  cured,  without  hindrance  from  business  or  change 
of  diet.     The  directions  are  readily  followed.     Even  a  man's 
most  intimate  companion  cannot  suspect  of  his  being  treated 

^^ Persons  afflicted  living  in  the  interior,  can,  by  stating  fully  in 
a  letter  their  symptoms,  receive  advice  and  remedies  at  home. 

Important  to  Person*  A^fflicted  with  Venereal. 

There  are  no  maladies,  either  in  a  medical  or  moral  point 
of  view,  worse  than  those  arising  from  the  contamination  of 
Veneeeal  Poison.  None  are  more  terrible  in  their  effects, 
or  more  disastrous  in  their  results.  MERCUEY  will  not 
cure  VENEREAL,  but  dbies  on  the  subface,  to  allow  it  to 

POISON    AND    DESTEOY    THE    BLOOD,    TO   EE-APPEAK    IN    HIDEOUS 

MAEKS  UPON  THE  BODY,  and  in  the  throat,  mouth  and  nose. 

Having  treated  a  great  number  of  nautical  men,  the  Doctor 
fully  understands  their  peculiar  requirements,  and  the  medi- 
cines prescribed  do  not  interfere  with  their  occupation. 

All  letters  should  be  addressed,  Dr.  BENJ.  F.  JOSSE- 
LYN,  M.  D.  618  Sacramento  street,  between  Montgomery  and 
Kearny,   San  Francisco.     Box  735. 


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